AIM: To study the different clinical spectrum of cutaneous adverse drug reactions (ADR) and to determine the causative drugs. MATERIALS & METHODS: A prospective, hospital based study was carried out over a period of 6 years recording various cutaneous ADR. RESULTS: A total of 500 patients with cutaneous ADR were enrolled in the study. The most common types of cutaneous ADR patterns were maculopapular rash (34.6%), fixed drug eruption (FDE) (30%) and urticaria (14%). The drugs most often incriminated for the various cutaneous ADR were antimicrobials (42.6%), anticonvulsants (22.2%) and NSAIDs (18%). Anticonvulsants were implicated in 41.6% of maculopapular rashes. Sulfonamides accounted for 43.3% and NSAIDs for 30.7% of FDE. Urticaria was caused mainly by NSAIDs(24.3%) and penicillins(20%). Anticonvulsants were responsible for 43.8% of life-threatening toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens Johnson syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical pattern and drugs causing cutaneous ADR are similar to those observed in other countries except for minor variations. Cutaneous ADR patterns and the drugs causing various reactions are changing every year, which may be due to the emergence of newer molecules and changing trends in the use of drugs.

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AIM: There are few studies on pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) from India. The present study was planned to elucidate the causes of in PUO Eastern India and to define the changing patterns of PUO, if any. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective case series. PATIENTS: One hundred patients meeting the classic criteria of pyrexia of unknown origin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT: The final diagnosis established at discharge or during follow up. RESULTS: Infections, especially tuberculosis was the most dominant cause (53%), followed by neoplasms (17%), and collagen vascular disorders (11%), Miscellaneous causes were responsible in 5% cases and in 14% the cause of fever remained undiagnosed. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that infections remain the most important cause of PUO in India, confirming the trends found earlier in other studies. The incidence of neoplasms was much higher compared to other studies from India.

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BACKGROUND: Percutaneous tracheostomy to a large extent has replaced conventional surgical tracheostomy by virtue of its low incidence of complications and the rapidity with which the procedure can be performed at the bedside avoiding transport of critically ill patients to the operating rooms. Since it is a blind approach, bronchoscopic guidance has been suggested which might not always be possible due to logistic reasons. METHODS: A retrospective study of 98 patients who had guide wire dilating forceps technique of percutaneous tracheostomy without the aid of a bronchoscope was undertaken. By ensuring the free mobility of the guide wire at each step of the procedure, a safe placement of the tracheostomy tube was achieved. RESULTS: The mean operating time was 3.05 mins [S.D:2.20]. Two patients had peristomal bleeding as an early complication. 34 patients could be decannulated with good primary approximation of the stomal tissues [mean: 3.92days, S.D: 1.46]. There were no deaths or life threatening complications attributable to this technique. CONCLUSIONS: In the absence of bronchoscopic guidance, adopting the simple but effective precaution of free movement of guide wire at each step of the procedure, a safe tracheostomy tube placement is possible.

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A rare case of a diffuse calvarial meningioma in a sixty-three year-old female is reported. The patient presented with headache, painful proptosis and chemosis of the left eye. Imaging showed that the frontoparietal calvarium on both sides and the left orbital roof were thickened. The thickened bone showed patchy rarefaction. In relationship to the thickened bone, there was an enhancing en-plaque meningioma. The tumour extended on to the superolateral aspect of the left orbit and resulted in proptosis. Excision of the left frontoparietal calvarium and the orbital tumour was performed. The management of diffuse calvarial meningioma is discussed and the relevant literature is briefly reviewed.

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Autosomal translocations are rare in the patients with ovarian dysgenesis. An 18-year-old female who presented with primary amenorrhoea had hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and streak ovaries with hypoplastic uterus. Karyotype analysis revealed a balanced autosomal translocation involving chromosomes 1 and 11. The probable role of autosomal translocations in ovarian dysgenesis has been discussed.

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AIM: To assess if a detailed analysis of lung mechanics could help in early recognition of pulmonary abnormalities in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. METHODS: Static pulmonary mechanics were studied in 17 patients (16 men and one woman) of ankylosing spondylitis with no obvious clinical or radiological evidence of pulmonary involvement. Lung pressure-volume relationship was generated using a whole body plethysmograph, and a monoexponential equation fitted to this data. RESULTS: Total lung capacity (TLC) was reduced in one (5.9%) and static lung compliance (Cst) in nine (52.9%) patients. Four (23.5%) patients had normal TLC, yet Cst and shape constant (K) were reduced. Five (29.4%) patients had reduced TLC and Cst; four of them had low K. One (5.9%) patient had normal TLC but elevated Cst and K. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary involvement in patients with ankylosing spondylitis is probably diffuse and begins much earlier than generally presumed. Evaluation of static lung mechanics can identify pulmonary involvement early in the course of disease in several of these patients.

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Buerger's disease is a limb-threatening condition occurring in the young and productive age group and its management has always been a challenging problem. A large number of medical and surgical options have been suggested, but the quest for an ideal solution to this problem continues. Omentopexy for Buerger's disease is an attractive option, which is rapidly gaining popularity. We discuss the historical aspects, technical considerations and results of omental transfer for this limb-threatening condition. In doing so, the relevant literature on the subject has been extensively reviewed. In all published series, there has been marked improvement in intermittent claudication and rest pain. Ischaemic ulcers have healed and the progression of gangrene has stopped. If carried out with the complete understanding of the anatomy of the omental vascular arcade, the results of omentopexy are gratifying, thus avoiding amputation and conserving the limb.

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A 26-year-old, 30 weeks primigravida presented with a gastric fistula through a left intercostal drain, which was inserted for drainage of suspected haemopneumothorax following minor trauma. It was confirmed to be a diaphragmatic hernia, with stomach and omentum as its contents. On exploratory laparotomy, disconnection of the tube and fistulous tract, with reduction of herniated contents and primary suturing of stomach was carried out. Diaphragmatic reconstruction with polypropylene mesh was also carried out. Post-operative recovery was uneventful with full lung expansion by 3rd postoperative day. Patient was asymptomatic at follow-up 6 months.

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We report a case of idiopathic necrotising granulomatous interstitial nephritis seen as an incidental autopsy finding in a 65 years female. The unusual features were the presence of necroses, with a florid, bizarre giant cell reaction. There were varying degrees of tubular damage, with relative sparing of glomeruli. There was no history of drug ingestion; Mycobacteria, fungi or crystals were not identified.

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