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| IMAGES IN MEDICINE |
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| Year : 2013 | Volume
: 59
| Issue : 4 | Page : 328-330 |
Urticaria and hydropneumothorax as an exceptional cause of ruptured hydatid cyst of lung
AE Atay1, M Oruc2, T Sayin3, MN Gullu4
1 Department of Internal Medicine, Bagcilar Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
2 Department of Chest Surgery, Diyarbakir Education and Research Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey
3 Department of Radiology, Bagcilar Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
4 Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| Date of Web Publication | 17-Dec-2013 |
Correspondence Address:
A E Atay
Department of Internal Medicine, Bagcilar Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul
Turkey
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0022-3859.123174
How to cite this article:
Atay A E, Oruc M, Sayin T, Gullu M N. Urticaria and hydropneumothorax as an exceptional cause of ruptured hydatid cyst of lung. J Postgrad Med 2013;59:328-30 |
How to cite this URL:
Atay A E, Oruc M, Sayin T, Gullu M N. Urticaria and hydropneumothorax as an exceptional cause of ruptured hydatid cyst of lung. J Postgrad Med [serial online] 2013 [cited 2023 Oct 3];59:328-30. Available from: https://www.jpgmonline.com/text.asp?2013/59/4/328/123174 |
| :: Short History | |  |
A28-year-old male patient admitted to emergency service with dyspnea and itching. On physical examination, he was pale, hypotensive and had macular skin lesions on the chest and both upper extremities. The respiration rate was 22/min and breath sounds were diminished on the right lung. Posterior-anterior lung graphy revealed hydropneumothorax and pleural effusion on right costophrenic angle [Figure 1]. On chest tomographic examination, hydropneumothorax with the collapse of right inferior lung was observed [Figure 2] and [Figure 3]. Drainage tube was inserted. Except slightly elevated eosinophil count, laboratory data including biochemical parameters, whole blood count and sedimentation rate were within the normal range. Low glucose and pH and high lactate dehidrogenase level of pleural fluid were suggesting its empeyama nature. Microbiologic culture and acid-resistant bacilli ARB were negative on both pleural fluid and sputum examination. At the 7 th day, chest radiograph indicated inadequate expansion of the right lung. Patient underwent to the right posterolateral thoracotomy due to persistent air leakage. A lesion resembling to hydatid cyst with 6 cm × 4 cm size was observed in the right middle lobe and upper segment of inferior lobe [Figure 4]. 15 ml fluid was aspirated and germinative membrane was removed [Figure 5]. There was pleural peel on the right lung and decortication was done. He was transferred to intensive care unit for 3 days and shifted to clinic for another 5 days. Albendazole therapy was initiated. After an uneventful post-operative course, patient was discharged. He experienced no complication and was free of symptoms during the follow-up period of 6 months. | Figure 1: Pleural effusion on the right costophrenic angle and hydropneumothorax
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 | Figure 2: Tomographic examination showing collapsed right inferior lung, mediastinal shift to the left side and hydropneumothorax
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 | Figure 3: Parenchymal window appearance of collapsed right inferior lung and hydropneumothorax
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| :: Differential Diagnosis | | |
Patients with cyst hydatid disease are usually asymptomatic and incidentally diagnosed during the imaging studies. As cysts enlarged or superinfected, patients may present with symptoms depending on involvement site. However, urticaria is rarely the presenting feature of hydatid cyst disease of the lung. This report highlights the importance of considering cyst hydatid disease of lung as an exceptional cause of urticaria and hydropneumothorax especially in endemic regions.
Patients with lung involvement of cyst hydatid CH may present with cough, pleurisy and chest pain. [1] Enlargement of cysts surrounded by the fibrous capsule erodes adjacent pulmonary parenchyma that may resulted with rupture into bronchus or pleural space. Consequently, patients may present with hydropneumothorax accompanied by a variety of allergic reactions ranging from urticaria to anaphylactic shock. [2] Pneumothorax (PNX) may lead to a group of life-threating complications including pneumomediastinum, mediastinal shift and rupture of the esophagus or bronchus.
| :: Discussion | | |
Hydatid cysts are common in developing countries where preventive measures and health support are inefficient, sanitary conditions in slaughterhouse is poor and public awareness against infection is inadequate. Southeastern region of Turkey is currently accepted as endemic for CH disease with incidence of 6.3/100,000. [3] Lung involvement of CH disease is the second most frequent type of disorder. [3] Misdiagnosis or diagnostic controversion is frequently observed in complicated cysts. Patients with complicated cyst hydatid may misdiagnose as empyema, lung cancer, tuberculosis pleurisy.
The complications of ruptured hydatid cysts into the pleural space are PNX, pleural thickening and residual cystic cavity that is typically followed by empyema and rarely tension PNX that requires urgent intervention to prevent life-threating complications including pneumomediastinum, mediastinal shift and rupture of the esophagus or bronchus. [4]
Although hydatid cysts of the lung may grow into giant cysts, patients may be free of symptoms due to elasticity of pulmonary parenchyma. [5] Physical examination has limited value in the diagnosis of pulmonary CH disease. The typical radiographic appearance of hydatid cysts is homogenous and spheric lesion with well-defined borders. Observation of large cyst containing daughter cysts is a strong evidence for the diagnosis of CH disease.
Careful surgical resection of cyst with caution against rupture and anaflactoid reaction combined with antihelmintic therapy is the mainstay of therapy. When ruptures of cyst occur, injection of cysticidal agent may limit the spread of infection. The mainstay of surgery in CH disease consist of three steps; (a) removing germinative membrane with caution against spreading of cysts, (b) sterilizing and (c) closing the cyst cavity. [6] Albendazole (10-15 mg/kg/day) with alternating cycles of treatment and pause is recommended when surgery is not possible. Concurrent drug therapy is essential to minimize risk of spread and allergic.
The presence of characteristic radiological appearance supported by suitable clinical and serological findings play a vital role in the diagnosis of CH disease of the lung. However, patients may admit with non-typical radiographic appearance, negative serologic tests and obscure clinical picture. PNX and CH disease may progress to life-threatening consequences. And require prompt diagnosis and appropriate therapy to avoid such consequences. Secondary causes of PNX should not be overlooked and CH should be considered in the differential diagnosis of urticaria and hydropneumothorax in patients from endemic countries.
| :: References | | |
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| 4. | Chacko J, Raot S, Basawaraj K, Chatterjee S. Ruptured hydatid cyst masquerading as tension pneumothorax. Anaesth Intensive Care 2009;37:840-2.
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| 5. | Yekeler E, Celik O, Becerik C. A giant ruptured hydatid cyst causing tension pneumothorax and hemothorax in a patient with blunt thoracic trauma: A rare case encountered in the emergency clinic. J Emerg Med 2012;43:111-3.
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[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4], [Figure 5]
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