| Article Access Statistics | | | Viewed | 19371 | | | Printed | 453 | | | Emailed | 7 | | | PDF Downloaded | 39 | | | Comments | [Add] | | | Cited by others | 28 | | |
|
Click on image for details.
|
|
 |
| DRUG REVIEW |
|
|
|
| Year : 2012 | Volume
: 58
| Issue : 3 | Page : 199-202 |
Forskolin: Upcoming antiglaucoma molecule
VD Wagh1, PN Patil1, SJ Surana1, KV Wagh2
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Near Karwand Naka, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
2 Department of Botany, H. R. Patel Junior College of Science, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| Date of Submission | 13-Dec-2011 |
| Date of Decision | 26-Jan-2012 |
| Date of Acceptance | 27-Mar-2012 |
| Date of Web Publication | 26-Sep-2012 |
Correspondence Address:
V D Wagh
Department of Pharmaceutics, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Near Karwand Naka, Shirpur, Maharashtra
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0022-3859.101396
Forskolin is the first pharmaceutical drug and product derived from a plant to be approved in India by the DCGI in 2006. Forskolin (7beta-acetoxy-8, 13-epoxy-1a, 6β, 9a-trihydroxy-labd-14-en-11-one) is a diterpenoid isolated from plant Coleus forskohlii (Lamiaceae). It is a lipid-soluble compound that can penetrate cell membranes and stimulates the enzyme adenylate cyclase which, in turn, stimulates ciliary epithelium to activate cyclic adenosine monophosphate, which decreases intraocular pressure (IOP) by reducing aqueous humor inflow. The topical application of forskolin is capable of reducing IOP in rabbits, monkeys, and humans. In its drug interactions, forskolin may act synergistically with epinephrine, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. Whereas the effects of anti-clotting medications like warfarin, clopidogre, aspirin, anoxaparin, etc., may be enhanced by forskolin. Forskolin is contraindicated in the medications for people with ulcers as forskolin may increase acid level. Forskolin has a very good shelf-life of five years. Recently, its Ophthalmic inserts and in situ gels for sustained and delayed-release drug delivery systems were tested in New Zealand Albino Rabbits for its antiglaucoma efficacy. This drug review explains Forskolin as a drug, its antiglaucoma potential and recent findings of forskolin as an antiglaucoma agent. The literature search method used for this review was different databases and search engines like PubMed, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Google, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPA).
Keywords: Antiglaucoma drug, coleus forskohlii, forskolin, glaucoma, nanoparticles, ophthalmic insert
How to cite this article:
Wagh V D, Patil P N, Surana S J, Wagh K V. Forskolin: Upcoming antiglaucoma molecule. J Postgrad Med 2012;58:199-202 |
| :: Introduction | |  |
In India, since ancient times Coleus forskohlii has been used in Hindu and Ayurvedic traditional medicine. [1],[2] Forskolin was named after the Finnish botanist, Forskal. [3],[4] Coleus forskohlii is a perennial member of the mint or Lamiaceae (also known as Labiatae) family that was first discovered in the elower elevations of India. It was recorded in the ancient Sanskrit texts that Coleus forskohlii has been used as a medical herb to treat hypertension, congestive heart failure, eczema, colic, respiratory disorders, painful urination, insomnia, convulsions, asthma, angina, psoriasis and for prevention of cancer metastases. [3],[4],[5] The literature search method used was databases (PubMed, IPA, Google, MAPA) and websites and the following keywords were used while searching the literature "Coleus forskohlii", "Forskolin" and "Forskolin + Glaucoma".
| :: Description of Forskolin | | |
Forskolin is an active constituent of Coleus forskohlii. Unlike the other coleus species C. forskohlii is used for health purposes. [6] Forskolin is a labdane diterpene which was derived as an active alkaloid from the roots of C. forskohlii. The synonyms used for forskolin are Colforsin and Coleonol. Detailed analysis reveals approximately 20 constituents in various parts of the plant, but forskolin and other coleonols are present only in the root portion. [7] Forskolin is the primary constituent of clinical interest in Coleus forskohlii. It was discovered by Western scientists in 1974. Initially it was referred to as coleonol. [8] The name was changed to forskolin as other coleonols and diterpenoids have been identified later. All pharmacological activities related to Coleus forskohlii are due to the active constituent named forskolin. [9]
| :: Specifications of Forskolin | | |
Forskolin is derived from the roots of Coleus forskohlii[10] belonging to family Lamiaceae or Labiatae.[5],[10] Its Sanskrit name is Pashanbedi, Makandi [11] and it is commonly known as Coleus, Karpuravali and Sughandabalu, (Hindi: Pathatchur; Kannada: Makandiberu; Gujarati: Maimul, Marathi: Garmai) [8],[10],[11] and its parts used are roots only. [7] Coleus forskohlii grows wild on sun-exposed arid and semi-arid hill slopes of the Himalayas in Uttar Pradesh, from Shimla eastward to Sikkim and Bhutan, the Deccan Plateau, Eastern Ghats, Eastern Plateau and rain shadow regions of the Western Ghats in India. [10]
Structure [8],[10]
Forskolin is the labdane diterpene produced by root portion of the Coleus forskohlii. Its chemical name is 7beta-Acetoxy-8, 13-epoxy-1a, 6β, 9a-trihydroxy-labd-14-en-11-one. Its molecular weight [10] is 410.5 g/mole (anhydrous) and molecular formula [10] is C 22 H 34 O 7. Forskolin appears [10] as an off-white crystalline solid; having λ-max [10] at 210 nm, 305 nm and its melting point [10] is 228°C-230°C; while as it is soluble in DMSO, Ethanol, Methanol and Dichloromethane. It may be dissolved in 2% ethanol in water, by dissolving it first in ethanol and then subsequently diluting this solution with water [Figure 1]. [10]
Mechanism of action
Forskolin's primary mode of action is to increase cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cAMP-mediated functions, via activation of the enzyme adenylate cyclase. [12] Forskolin activation of adenylate cyclase accrues primarily though a direct action of the diterpene on the catalytic subunit of adenylate cyclase, however, Forskolin requires the presence of guanine nucleotide-binding protein, the G8 protein, for maximal stimulation of the enzyme. High-affinity binding sites for forskolin have been described in rat brain membranes and human platelet membranes, and these sites have structural requirement for forskolin analogues that are similar to those for activation of adenylate cyclase. It was suggested that these binding sites for forskolin are an activated complex of adenylate cyclase. [13]
Forskolin stimulates adenylate cyclase activity without interacting with cell surface receptors. Forskolin has the ability to stimulate adenylate cyclase activity and increase cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) which regulates and activates critical enzymes required for the cellular energy required to move fluid out of the eye. [13] Forskolin lowers the intraocular pressure (IOP) of rabbits, monkeys, and humans. In rabbits, net aqueous humor inflow decreases, outflow facility remains unchanged and ciliary blood flow increases. Forskolin has a different molecular mechanism from any previously used antiglaucoma drug. Its effect on IOP should be additive with other drugs because its tachiphylaxis might not occur because forskolin's action is not believed to involve the cell surface receptors. In vitro forskolin activates adenylate cyclase of crude particulate homogenates prepared from cultured human ciliary epithelia or from dissected ciliary epithelial processes of rabbit or human eyes. [13]
Forskolin has been shown to increase cAMP formation in all eukaryotic cells except sperm, without hormonal activation of adenylate cyclase. [14] Forskolin's potentiation of cAMP in turn inhibits basophil and mast cell degranulation and histamine release, [15] lowers blood pressure [16] and IOP, [17] inhibits platelet aggregation, [18],[19] promotes vasodilation, [16],[20] bronchodilation, [21] and thyroid hormone secretion, [22],[23] and stimulates lipolysis in fat cells. [24] Forskolin also has a positive inotropic action on cardiac tissue via increased cAMP levels. [25] The cAMP level is important for retinal ganglion cells neurotrophic responsiveness to neurotrophins which is important for neuron survival. cAMP may inhibit some forms of neurotrophin-mediated neuronal survival and suggests that a number of PI3-kinase-regulated processes in neurons may be inhibited by cAMP. [26]
In addition to its cAMP-stimulating activity, forskolin inhibits the binding of platelet-activating factor (PAF), independently of cAMP formation. This may be a result of forskolin's direct effect on PAF or via interference with PAF binding to receptor sites. [19] Forskolin also appears to have an effect on several membrane transport proteins, and inhibits glucose transport in erythrocytes, adipocytes, platelets, and other cells. [27]
Drug interactions, safety, contraindications and storage of forskolin
Forskolin may enhance the effects of beta-agonists such as albuterol. Forskolin may also act synergistically with epinephrine, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. Decrease in needed dosage of beta-agonist may occur due to use of forskolin. The effect of anti-clotting medication like warfarin, clopidogre, aspirin, anoxaparin, etc., may be enhanced by the forskolin as it inhibits platelet aggregation and clotting. Coleus forskohlii have an excellent safety profile and generally are without toxicity or side-effects at the recommended dosage. As warnings and contraindications of forskolin ; avoid its use in the people with ulcers as forskolin may increase acid level. [14],[28] When stored as indicated, forskolin has a shelf-life of five years.
Forskolin and its antiglaucoma potential glaucoma [8],[29]
Glaucoma is a condition in which the pressure in the eye is too high (>22 mm/Hg), due to an imbalance between the aqueous humor formation and draining out of the eye. Increase in IOP results in irreversible damage to the nerve and impaired vision culminating in blindness, if left untreated. There are no clinically proven alternative therapies for glaucoma, but there are several beneficial treatments and coleus is one of them. Forskolin reduces IOP by reducing aqueous humor inflow with no change in outflow facility which indicates the potential of forskolin as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of glaucoma. Reduction in IOP by forskolin was studied with animals like monkeys, rabbits and in healthy human volunteers also.
Recent findings of forskolin as an antiglaucoma agent
Glaucoma is a progressively degenerative disease of the optic nerve and is the second leading cause of blindness in the world affecting 67 million people globally. Sami Labs is the first pharmaceutical company which derived a product from a plant to be approved in India, it is also the first such eye care product worldwide. The drug Forskolin Ophthalmic Solution has been accorded approval by the Drug Controller General of India in August 2006; developed by the Bangalore-based Sami Labs, a subsidiary of Sabinsa, this eye drops' formulation will be available in the market under the brand name "Ocufors 2%". [30] Hoechst had identified the efficacy of forskolin in the treatment of glaucoma but they could not make an effective formulation and subsequently dropped the studies midway through. According to the company's official press release, "Ocufors" is 30 per cent more effective than the most popular drug for glaucoma in the market with no side-effects.
Wagh et al., formulated forskolin ophthalmic drug delivery systems to test its efficacy in New Zealand albino rabbits for its antiglaucoma efficacy. [31] Ophthalmic Inserts [32] of forskolin extract (OIE) and pure forskolin 98% (OIF) were prepared as matrix-controlled delivery with the aim of achieving once a day administration. Ophthalmic Insert Drug Delivery System (OIDDS) for forskolin showed a significant reduction in IOP up to 24 h and an increased corneal residence time up to 12 h with sustained therapeutic action which is a desirable feature for an antiglaucoma agent. [31],[33],[34],[35],[36],[37] Gupta et al., prepared forskolin nanocrystals and stabilized by poloxamer 407. Their investigations proven that the pH and thermoreversible polymeric in situ gel forming nanosuspensions with ability of controlled drug release exhibits a greater potential for glaucoma therapy. [38]
Forskolin and rutin are the main ingredients of a food supplement, when given in a open-label pilot study to 16 patients with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma under treatment with different topical drugs and with stable IOP were given additional treatment with the food supplement for 40 days, and their IOP values measured at enrolment, at the end of treatment and 40 days after treatment interruption. This association treatment resulted in a further decrease of IOP by roughly 20% of the initial value. The effect was reversible upon suspension of the treatment. [39]
Thus, forskolin is a wonder drug with a proven antiglaucoma drug candidature. Though the forskolin eye drops have crossed all clinical trial phases there is a necessity to undergo human volunteer studies for newly developed ophthalmic dosage form and drug delivery systems. It is the need of the hour to explore Forskolin drug for its applications and therapeutic efficacy in other diseases also. There might be a perfect solution to increase the solubility of forskolin either by different solubility enhancement techniques in the formulation industry or by nanoparticles, nanocrystals, nanosuspension, nanoemulsion and nanocomposites in nanotechnology.
| :: Acknowledgment | | |
The author Vijay D Wagh, is thankful to Indian Council of Medical Research for its assistance as Senior Research Fellowship to him, for this research work. The authors are also thank Sami Labs Pvt. Ltd, Bangalore, Karnataka, India for the gift sample of Forskolin (98% pure).
| :: References | | |
| 1. | De Souza NJ, Dohadwalla AN, Reden J. Forskolin: A labdane diterpenoid with antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory and adenylate cyclase activating properties. Med Res Rev 1983;3:201-19. 
[PUBMED] |
| 2. | Valdes LJ, Mislankar SG, Paul AG, Coleus Barbatus C. Forskohlii Lamiaceae and the potential new drug Forskolin Coleonol. Econ Bot 1987;44:474-83.
|
| 3. | Coleus forskohlii: Alternative medicinal review. Available from: http://www.altmedrev.com/publications/11/1/47.pdf [Last accessed on 2006 Nov 01].
|
| 4. | Ammon HP, Muller AB. Forskolin: From an ayurvedic remedy to a modern agent. Planta Med 1985;46:473-7.
|
| 5. | Forskohl′s Coleus - Coleus forskohlii BRIQ Lamiaceae Phytochemicals. Available from: http://www.chromadex.com/Phytosearch/Forskolin.html [Last accessed on 2011 Jul 13].
|
| 6. | Ammon HP, Kemper FH. Ayurveda: 3000 years of Indian traditional medicine. Med Welt 1982;33:148-53.
[PUBMED] |
| 7. | Forskolin by Fermentek Biotechnology. Available from: http://www.fermentek.co.il/forskolin.html [Last accessed on 2011 Aug 08].
|
| 8. | Sharma Y, Vasundhara M. Coleus plectranthus barbatus a multiperpose medicinal herb. Int Res J Pharm 2011;2:47-58.
|
| 9. | Saksena AK, Green MJ, Shue HJ. Identity of coleonol with forskolin: Structure revision of a base-catalysed rearrangement product. Tetrahedron Lett 1985;26:551-4.
|
| 10. | Wagh VD, Dehghan MH, Wagh KV, Salve SA, Tandale YN. Pharmacological potential and phytopharmaceutics of Coleus forskohlii (Makandi): A review. J GMP Ind Pharm 2009;3:50-4.
|
| 11. | Coleus forskolii. Queensland, Australia: Global harbal supplies, Inc.; Available from: http://www.samilabs.com [Last accessed on 2011 Oct 27].
|
| 12. | Metzger H, Lindner E. The positive inotropic-acting forskolin, a potent adenylate cyclase activator. Arzneimittelforschung 1981;31:1248-50.
[PUBMED] |
| 13. | Seamon KB, Daly JW. Forskolin: A unic diterpene activator of cyclic AMP generating systems. J Cyclic Nucleotide Res 1981;7:220-1.
[PUBMED] |
| 14. | Seamon KB, Padgett W, Daly JW. Forskolin: Unique diterpene activator of adenylate cyclase in membranes and intact cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1981;78:3363-7.
|
| 15. | Marone G, Columbo M, Triggiani M, Vigorita S, Formisano S. Forskolin inhibits the release of histamine from human basophils and mast cells. Agents Actions 1986;18:96-9.
[PUBMED] |
| 16. | Dubey MP, Srimal RC, Nityanand S, Dhawan BN. Pharmacological studies on coleonol, a hypotensive diterpene from Coleus forskohlii. J Ethnopharmacol 1981;3:1-13.
[PUBMED] |
| 17. | Caprioli J, Sears M, Bausher L. Forskolin lowers intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous inflow. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984;25:268-77.
|
| 18. | Agarwal KC, Parks RE Jr. Synergistic inhibition of platelet aggregation by forskolin plus PGE1 or 2-fluoroadenosine: Effects of 2, 5-dideoxyadenosine and 5-methylthioadenosine. Biochem Pharmacol 1982;31:3713-6.
[PUBMED] |
| 19. | Wong S, Mok W, Phaneuf S. Forskolin inhibits platelet-activating factor binding to platelet receptors independently of adenylyl cyclase activation. Eur J Pharmacol 1993;245:55-61.
|
| 20. | Wysham DG, Brotherton AF, Heistad DD. Effects of forskolin on cerebral blood flow: Implications for a role of adenylate cyclase. Stroke 1986;17:1299-03.
[PUBMED] |
| 21. | Lichey I, Friedrich T, Priesnitz M, Biamino G, Usinger P, Huckauf H. Effect of forskolin on methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in extrinsic asthmatics. Lancet 1984;2:167.
[PUBMED] |
| 22. | Haye B, Aublin JL, Champion S. Chronic and acute effects of forskolin on isolated thyroid cell metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1985;43:41-50.
|
| 23. | Roger PP, Servais P, Dumont JE. Regulation of dog thyroid epithelial cell cycle by forskolin and adenylate cyclase activator. Exp Cell Res 1987;172:282-92.
[PUBMED] |
| 24. | Okuda H, Morimoto C, Tsujita T. Relationship between cyclic AMP production and lipolysis induced by forskolin in rat fat cells. J Lipid Res 1992;33:225-31.
[PUBMED] |
| 25. | Lindner E, Dohadwalla AN, Bhattacharya BK. Positive inotropic and blood pressure lowering activity of a diterpene derivative isolated from Coleus forskohlii: Forskolin. Arzneimittelforschung 1978;28:284-9.
[PUBMED] |
| 26. | Steven P, Soren I, Zhengui X, Daniel RS. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Protection of CorticalNeurons from Serum Withdrawal-Induced Apoptosis Is Inhibited by cAMP. J Neurosci 2003;23:4420-7.
|
| 27. | Mills I, Moreno FJ, Fain JN. Forskolin inhibition of glucose metabolism in rat adipocytes independent of adenosine 3, 5-monophosphate accumulation and lipolysis. Endocrinology 1984;115:1066-9.
[PUBMED] |
| 28. | Kavitha C, Rajamani K, Vadivel E. Coleus Forskohlii: A comprehensive review on morphology, phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects. J Med Plants Res 2010;4:278-85.
|
| 29. | Patient guide by The Glaucoma Foundation. Available from: http://www.glaucomafoundation.org. [Last accessed on 2011 Aug 17].
|
| 30. | Wagh VD, Inamdar B, Wagh KV, Samanta MK. The effect of Forskolin ophthalmic inserts on intraocular pressure in rabbit eyes. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2009;1:146-55.
|
| 31. | Wagh VD. Development and evaluation of ophthalmic drug delivery systems for natural forskolin and its analogues in the treatment of glaucoma. Ph. D. Dissertation, The Tamilnadu, Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai, India; 2007.
|
| 32. | Tandale YN, Wagh VD. Formulation and evaluation of dorzolamide hydrochloride polymeric film. Int J PharmTech Res 2011;3:1817-24.
|
| 33. | Wagh VD, Inamdar B, Samanta MK. Polymers used in ocular dosage form and drug delivery systems. Asian J Pharm 2008;1:12-7.
|
| 34. | Wagh VD, Wagh KV, Pati PP, Samanta MK. Formulation and evaluation of ophthalmic insert drug delivery system (OIDDS) of forskolin. Asian J Pharm 2008;1:222-4.
|
| 35. | Wagh VD, Wagh KV, Samanta MK. Formulation and evaluation of ophthalmic insert drug delivery system of forskolin. J Pharm Res 2009;2:12-25.
|
| 36. | Wagh VD, Samanta MK. Formulation development and evaluation of HPMC based Ophthalmic Inserts Drug Delivery System (OIDDS) of forskolin. Indian J Pharm 2010;1:10-3.
|
| 37. | Wagh VD, Pathare YS. Herbal medicines and nutritional supplements used in the treatment of glaucoma: A review. Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci 2012;3:331-9.
|
| 38. | Gupta S, Samanta MK, Raichur AM. Dual-Drug delivery system based on in situ gel forming nanosuspensions of forskolin to enhance antiglaucoma efficacy. AAPS PharmSciTech 2010;11:322-35.
[PUBMED] |
| 39. | Pescosolido N, Librando A. Oral administration of an association of forskolin, rutin and vitamins B1 and B2 potentiates the hypotonising effects of pharmacological treatments in POAG patients. Clin Ter 2010;161:e81-5.
[PUBMED] |
[Figure 1]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Development of Forskolin and rutin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles for enhancement of topical ocular delivery: Optimization, in-vitro, ex-vivo, and toxicity evaluation |
|
| Pallavi Dahiya, Ameeduzzafar Zafar, Farhan Jalees Ahmad, Mohammad Khalid, Asgar Ali | | Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2023; : 104292 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Carbachol, along with calcium, indicates new strategy in neural differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro |
|
| Niloofar Masoumi, Marzieh Ghollasi, Raheleh Halabian, Elahe Eftekhari, Mohsen Ghiasi | | Regenerative Therapy. 2023; 23: 60 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Biosynthesis and regulation of diterpenoids in medicinal plants |
|
| Junze REN, Yu WU, Zhanpin ZHU, Ruibing CHEN, Lei ZHANG | | Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines. 2022; 20(10): 761 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Plant-derived natural products for drug discovery: current approaches and prospects |
|
| Noohi Nasim, Inavolu Sriram Sandeep, Sujata Mohanty | | The Nucleus. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
The effects of metformin and forskolin on sperm quality parameters and sexual hormones in type II diabetic male rats |
|
| Mehran Naghibi, Hamid Tayefi Nasrabadi, Jafar Soleimani Rad, Mohammad Sadegh Gholami Farashah, Daryoush Mohammadnejad | | Andrologia. 2022; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 6 |
Forskolin Induces Endocrine Disturbance in Human JEG-3 Placental Cells |
|
| Patrice Rat, Pascale Leproux, Sophie Fouyet, Elodie Olivier | | Toxics. 2022; 10(7): 355 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 7 |
Extraction and Elemental Analysis of Coleus forskohlii Axtract |
|
| Miss. Swagata Kailas Taur | | International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology. 2022; : 647 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 8 |
Synergetic Action of Forskolin and Mevastatin Induce Normalization of Lipids Profile in Dyslipidemic Rats through Adenosine Monophosphate Kinase Upregulation |
|
| Aaser M. Abdelazim, Tamer Ahmed Ismail, Mosleh M. Abumaghaid, Islam M. Saadaldin, Cuiping Feng | | BioMed Research International. 2021; 2021: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 9 |
Non-drug interventions in glaucoma: Putative roles for lifestyle, diet and nutritional supplements |
|
| Foroogh Fahmideh, Nicoletta Marchesi, Annalisa Barbieri, Stefano Govoni, Alessia Pascale | | Survey of Ophthalmology. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 10 |
Solvent-Driven Selectivity on the One-Step Catalytic Synthesis of Manoyl Oxide Based on a Novel and Sustainable “Zeolite Catalyst–Solvent” System |
|
| Dimitra Makarouni, Christos Kordulis, Vassilis Dourtoglou | | Catalysis Letters. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 11 |
Herbal medicine for ocular diseases: An age old therapy and its future perspective |
|
| Archana S. Pokkalath, Apurva Sawant, Sujata P. Sawarkar | | Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2021; : 102979 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 12 |
Natural Products: Evidence for Neuroprotection to Be Exploited in Glaucoma |
|
| Annagrazia Adornetto, Laura Rombolà, Luigi Antonio Morrone, Carlo Nucci, Maria Tiziana Corasaniti, Giacinto Bagetta, Rossella Russo | | Nutrients. 2020; 12(10): 3158 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 13 |
Assessing the Performance of Daily Intake of a Homotaurine, Carnosine, Forskolin, Vitamin B2, Vitamin B6, and Magnesium Based Food Supplement for the Maintenance of Visual Function in Patients with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma |
|
| Teresa Rolle, Laura Dallorto, Stefania Rossatto, Daniela Curto, Raffaele Nuzzi | | Journal of Ophthalmology. 2020; 2020: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 14 |
The arguments for and against cannabinoids application in glaucomatous retinopathy |
|
| Yunes Panahi, Azadeh Manayi, Marjan Nikan, Mahdi Vazirian | | Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2017; 86: 620 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 15 |
Chemotaxonomic variation in forskolin content and its correlation with ecogeographical factors in natural habitat of Coleus forskohlii Briq. collected from Vidarbha (Maharashtra, India) |
|
| Ankita Misra,Sharad Srivastava,Pankaj Srivastava,Pushpendra Shukla,Pawan K Agrawal,A.K.S. Rawat | | Industrial Crops and Products. 2016; 84: 50 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 16 |
Heme-mediated apoptosis and fusion damage in BeWo trophoblast cells |
|
| Mingli Liu, Salifu Hassana, Jonathan K. Stiles | | Scientific Reports. 2016; 6(1) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 17 |
Highly selective one pot synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 3-(allyloxy)-propylidene acetals of some natural terpenoids |
|
| Ponnam Devendar,Arigari Niranjana Kumar,M. S. Bethu,Amtul Zehra,R. Pamanji,J. Venkateswara Rao,Ashok Kumar Tiwari,Balasubramanian Sridhar,K. V. N. Satya Srinivas,J. Kotesh Kumar | | RSC Adv.. 2015; 5(113): 93122 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 18 |
From canonical to non-canonical cyclic nucleotides as second messengers: Pharmacological implications |
|
| Roland Seifert,Erich H. Schneider,Heike Bähre | | Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2015; 148: 154 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 19 |
Metabolic Engineering ofSynechocystissp. PCC 6803 for Production of the Plant Diterpenoid Manoyl Oxide |
|
| Elias Englund,Johan Andersen-Ranberg,Rui Miao,Björn Hamberger,Pia Lindberg | | ACS Synthetic Biology. 2015; 4(12): 1270 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 20 |
Manoyl oxide (13R), the biosynthetic precursor of forskolin, is synthesized in specialized root cork cells in Coleus forskohlii Manoyl oxide (13R), the biosynthetic precursor of forskolin, is synthesized in specialized root cork cells in Coleus forskohlii |
|
| Pateraki I, Andersen-Ranberg, J Hamberger, B Bohlmann, J Hamberger B | | Plant Physiology. 2014; 164(3): 1222-1236 | | [Pubmed] | | | 21 |
GC–MS characterisation and biological activity of essential oils from different vegetative organs ofPlectranthus barbatusandPlectranthus caninuscultivated in north Italy |
|
| F. Gelmini,P. Squillace,C. Testa,A.C. Sparacino,S. Angioletti,G. Beretta | | Natural Product Research. 2014; : 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 22 |
Microbial Synthesis of the Forskolin Precursor Manoyl Oxide in an Enantiomerically Pure Form |
|
| Morten T. Nielsen, Johan Andersen Ranberg, Ulla Christensen, Hanne Bjerre Christensen, Scott J. Harrison, Carl Erik Olsen, Björn Hamberger, Birger Lindberg Møller, Morten H. H. Nørholm, R. M. Kelly | | Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2014; 80(23): 7258 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 23 |
New Therapeutic Targets for Intraocular Pressure Lowering |
|
| A. Rocha-Sousa,J. Rodrigues-Araújo,Petra Gouveia,João Barbosa-Breda,S. Azevedo-Pinto,P. Pereira-Silva,A. Leite-Moreira | | ISRN Ophthalmology. 2013; 2013: 1 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 24 |
Inhibitors of Bacillus anthracis edema factor |
|
| Seifert, R. and Dove, S. | | Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2013; 140(2): 200-212 | | [Pubmed] | | | 25 |
CREB, another culprit for TIGAR promoter activity and expression |
|
| Zou, S. and Wang, X. and Deng, L. and Wang, Y. and Huang, B. and Zhang, N. and Fan, Q. and Luo, J. | | Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2013; 439(4): 481-486 | | [Pubmed] | | | 26 |
Regeneration of optic nerve fibers with unoprostone, a prostaglandin-related antiglaucoma drug, in adult cats |
|
| Hiroe Sagawa,Hiroko Terasaki,Keiko Nakanishi,Yoshihito Tokita,Masami Watanabe | | Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology. 2013; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 27 |
CREB, another culprit for TIGAR promoter activity and expression |
|
| Shubiao Zou,Xiaozhong Wang,Linqiang Deng,Yunchun Wang,Bo Huang,Nan Zhang,Qishi Fan,Jun Luo | | Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2013; 439(4): 481 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 28 |
Inhibitors of Bacillus anthracis edema factor |
|
| Roland Seifert,Stefan Dove | | Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2013; 140(2): 200 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
