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| DRUG REVIEW |
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| Year : 2002 | Volume
: 48
| Issue : 1 | Page : 80-1 |
Rabeprazole.
CA Desai, BD Samant
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seth G. S. Medical College and K. E. M. Hospital, Parel, Mumbai - 400 012, India., India
Correspondence Address:
C A Desai
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seth G. S. Medical College and K. E. M. Hospital, Parel, Mumbai - 400 012, India.
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
PMID: 12082341 
Keywords: Anti-Ulcer Agents, adverse effects,pharmacokinetics,therapeutic use,Benzimidazoles, adverse effects,pharmacokinetics,therapeutic use,Clinical Trials, Human, Peptic Ulcer, drug therapy,
How to cite this article:
Desai C A, Samant B D. Rabeprazole. J Postgrad Med 2002;48:80 |
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the drugs of choice in the management of acid peptic disorders and are more
effective than H2 receptor blockers. PPI – based antibacterial therapy regimens are the gold standard for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori  ori)[1] which is an important agent in the pathogenesis of acid-peptic disease.
Rabeprazole is a benzimidazole proton pump inhibitor structurally related to omeprazole but differing slightly by virtue of substitutions on the pyridine and benzimidazole rings. It is a partially reversible inhibitor of H+K+ ATPase which is activated in the acidic lumen of gastric parietal cells.[2] It is more potent than omeprazole in inhibition of H+ K+ ATPase activity and acid output[3] and has a quicker onset of action than omeprazole and lansoprazole.[4] Rabeprazole has also been shown to increase the intracellular mucin content in gastric mucosa in rats.[5] Longterm animal studies have shown potential to cause enterochromaffin cell hyperplasia without causing more severe proliferative changes.[6] It has shown greater in vitro antimicrobial activity against H. pylori than omeprazole and lansoprazole.[7] H. pylori urease enzyme is irreversibly inhibited by rabeprazole.[8] The thioether derivative of rabeprazole has shown synergism with ampicillin in vivo[9] and also a strong inhibitory action against both the growth and motility of CRHP (clarithromycin–resistant H. pylori).[10]
In human studies, once daily doses of 5–40 mg inhibited gastric acid secretion in a dose dependent fashion. A once daily dose of 20 mg has consistently achieved profound decreases in 24 hour intragastric acidity in single and repeat dosing studies, in healthy volunteers and patients.[11] Considering the reciprocal increases in plasma gastrin and interindividual variations in response, 20 mg appears to be the preferred dose for routine clinical use.[12]
Rabeprazole in the dose of 20 mg/day or 10 mg twice daily has been shown to be as effective as omeprazole and superior to ranitidine in the healing of gastrooesophageal reflux disease. In long term trials, rabeprazole 10 mg/day was similar to omeprazole 20 mg/day and superior to placebo, in both the maintenance of healing and prevention of symptoms in patients with healed gastrooesophageal reflux disease.
Rabeprazole is as effective as omeprazole and lansoprazole when included as part of a triple therapy regimen for the eradication of H. pylori. As monotherapy for peptic ulcer, healing and symptom relief, studies have shown rabeprazole 10-40 mg/day to be superior to placebo or ranitidine and similar in efficacy to omeprazole. Preliminary data suggest that in Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome, rabeprazole 60-120 mg/day can resolve and prevent the recurrence of symptoms and endoscopic lesions associated with this condition.[13]
Rabeprazole has an oral bioavailability of approximately 52%.[14] It is dose dependently absorbed after oral administration.[15] It undergoes extensive metabolism via nonenzyme metabolism to form major inactive metabolites (a thioether carboxylic acid metabolite and its glucuronide) and also minor metabolism by CYP2C19 and CYP 3 A4 to desmethyl and sulfone metabolites. Plasma t˝ is 1 to 2 hours. No significant accumulation occurs during repeated administration.[15] Bioavailability is not influenced by the co-ingestion of either food or antacids.[14] Approximately 90% of a dose is excreted in the urine primarily as metabolites.[16]
Dosage adjustment is not required in the elderly, patients with mild to moderate liver dysfunction or in patients with renal dysfunction. Caution should be exercised, however, in patients with severe liver disease.[16],[17]
No interaction has been reported with theophylline, phenytoin, warfarin or diazepam.[16]
The most common adverse events assigned to rabeprazole have been diarrhoea, headache, rhinitis, nausea, pharyngitis and abdominal pain.[13] Recently, in a single case report, investigators have associated rabeprazole with acute fulminant hepatitis.[18] As cases of acute hepatitis have been previously reported with other proton pump inhibitors, patients taking rabeprazole who present with symptoms suggestive of liver dysfunction should be fully investigated. Biopsies from patients in studies of up to 2 years in duration demonstrate some hyperplastic changes in enterochromaffin – like cells, but no adenomatoid, dysplastic or neoplastic changes.[13] Rabeprazole has been well tolerated in short and long term studies of upto 2 years in duration when administered in doses of upto 120 mg/day for the treatment of acid related disorders.[13]
For healing and symptom relief in patients with duodenal ulcers the usual dosage is 20 mg/day for 4 weeks. In benign gastric ulcers, the usual dose is 20 mg/day for 6 weeks. In patients with erosive or ulcerative gastrooesophageal reflux disease, 8 weeks of treatment is successful. A dosage of either 10 or 20 mg/ day can be used to maintain healing in patients who had been previously treated for erosive or ulcerative gastritis. In patients with H. pylori infection, rabeprazole 20 mg/day in addition to two appropriate antibacterial agents for 1 week is effective in achieving eradication.
Patients with Zollinger Ellison Syndrome usually require doses of 60 mg/day although some have required dosages as high as 60 mg twice daily to decrease acid output to target levels.[9]
Rabeprazole is a well-tolerated proton pump inhibitor. It has been shown to be effective in healing, symptom relief and prevention of relapse of peptic ulcers and gastrooesophageal reflux disease and can form part of effective H. pylori eradication regimens. It is an important alternative to H2 antagonists and an additional treatment option to other proton pump inhibitors in the management of acid related disorders.
| :: References | |  |
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| 3. | Fujisaki H, Murakami M, Fujimato M ,Yamatsu I, Takeguchi N. The activity of isolated porcine H+K+ ATPase is inhibited by E 3810 (2–[{4–(3–methoxypropoxy)–3–methylpyridin–2–yl}–methylsulfinyl]–1H–benzimidazole, sodium) (abstract) FASEB J 1990;4:473. |
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| 11. | Williams MP, Pounder RE. Review article: the pharmacology of rabeprazole. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13 Suppl 3:3–10. |
| 12. | Williams MP, Blanshard C, Millson C, Sercombe J, Pounder RE. A placebo – controlled study to assess the effects of 7-day dosing with 10, 20 and 40 mg rabeprazole on 24 – hr intragastric acidity and plasma gastrin in healthy male subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000;14:691-9. |
| 13. | Carswell CI, Goa KL. Rabeprazole: an update of its use in acid related disorders. Drugs 2001;61:2327-56. |
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| 15. | Yasuda S, Ohnishi A, Ogawa T, Tomono Y, Hasegawa J, Nakai H, et al. Pharmacokinetic properties of E 3810, a new protonpump inhibitor, in healthy male volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmcol Ther 1994;32:466-73. |
| 16. | Rabeprazole product monograph. Misato, Japan: Eisai Co., Ltd, 2000. |
| 17. | Hoyumpa AM, Trevino-Alanis H, Grimes I, Humphries TJ. Rabeprazole pharmacokinetics in patients with stable, compensated cirrhosis. Clin Ther 1999; 21:691-701. |
| 18. | Johnstone D, Berger C, Fleckman P. Acute fulminant hepatitis after treatment with rabeprazole and terbinafine. Arch Int Med 2001; 161:1677–8. |
| 19. | Eisai Ltd. Rabeprazole Prescribing Information, London, England, 1998. |
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
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| Archimandritis AJ, Nikolopoulou V, Kouklakis G, et al. | | CURRENT MEDICAL RESEARCH AND OPINION. 2005; 21 (4): 603-610 | | [Pubmed] | |
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